Palabras clave
sensibilidad materna
hormonas
cerebro
lactancia
Resumen
La maternidad marca un punto de inflexión en la vida de muchas mujeres. Se caracteriza no solo por profundos cambios físicos sino también por una transformación conductual y emocional significativa. Esta revisión explora cómo, desde el embarazo hasta el nacimiento del bebé, una compleja interacción de hormonas, adaptaciones cerebrales y cambios conductuales preparan a la madre para cuidar de su recién nacido. Se destaca el papel de hormonas específicas como los estrógenos, la progesterona, la oxitocina y la prolactina, y se examina cómo áreas cerebrales como la amígdala, el núcleo accumbens y la corteza prefrontal se adaptan para facilitar la conducta materna, asegurando así el bienestar y la supervivencia del bebé.Citas
Almanza-Sepúlveda, M. L., Chico, E., González, A., Hall, G. B., Steiner, M., & Fleming, A. S. (2018). Executive function in teen and adult women: Association with maternal status and early adversity. Developmental Psychobiology, 60(7), 849-861.
Almanza-Sepúlveda, M. L., Dudin, A., Wonch, K. E., Steiner, M., Feinberg, D. R., Fleming, A. S., & Hall, G. B. (2018). Exploring the morphological and emotional correlates of infant cuteness. Infant Behavior and Development, 53, 90-100.
Almanza-Sepúlveda, M. L., Fleming, A. S., & Jonas, W. (2020). Mothering revisited: A role for cortisol? Hormones and behavior, 121, 104679.
Barrett, J., & Fleming, A. S. (2011). Annual research review: All mothers are not created equal: Neural and psychobiological perspectives on mothering and the importance of individual differences. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52(4), 368-397.
Bubshait, K. S., Maldonado, M. M., & Krueger, C. (2023). Effect of Maternal Speech on Neural Development in Premature Infant. The Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing, 10-1097.
Carlén, M. (2017). What constitutes the prefrontal cortex? Science, 358(6362), 478-482.
Cervantes, M., Ruelas, R., & Alcala, V. (1992). EEG signs of” relaxation behavior” during breast-feeding in a nursing woman. Archives of medical research, 23(3), 123-127.
Davis, M., & Whalen, P. J. (2001). The amygdala: vigilance and emotion. Molecular psychiatry, 6(1), 13-34.
Fernández-Espejo, E. (2000). ¿Cómo funciona el nucleus accumbens? Revista de Neurología, 30(9), 845-849.
Fleming, A. S., Corter, C., Franks, P., Surbey, M., Schneider, B., & Steiner, M. (1993). Postpartum factors related to mother’s attraction to newborn infant odors. Developmental Psychobiology: The Journal of the International Society for Developmental Psychobiology, 26(2), 115-132.
Fleming, A. S., Ruble, D., Krieger, H., & Wong, P. Y. (1997). Hormonal and experiential correlates of maternal responsiveness during pregnancy and the puerperium in human mothers. Hormones and behavior, 31(2), 145-158.
Fleming, A. S., Vaccarino, F., & Luebke, C. (1980). Amygdaloid inhibition of maternal behavior in the nulliparous female rat. Physiology & behavior, 25(5), 731-743.
Freeman, M. E., Kanyicska, B., Lerant, A., & Nagy, G. (2000). Prolactin: structure, function, and regulation of secretion. Physiological reviews.
Jonas, W., Atkinson, L., Steiner, M., Meaney, M. J., Wazana, A., Fleming, A. S., & MAVAN Research Team. (2015). Breastfeeding and maternal sensitivity predict early infant temperament. Acta Paediatrica, 104(7), 678-686.
Leckman, J. F., Mayes, L. C., Feldman, R., Evans, D. W., King, R. A., & Cohen, D. J. (1999). Early parental preoccupations and behaviors and their possible relationship to the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 100, 1-26.
Lee, A., Li, M., Watchus, J., & Fleming, A. S. (1999). Neuroanatomical basis of maternal memory in postpartum rats: selective role for the nucleus accumbens. Behavioral neuroscience, 113(3), 523.
Lehtonen, J., Könönen, M., Purhonen, M., Partanen, J., & Saarikoski, S. (2002). The effects of feeding on the electroencephalogram in 3-and 6-month-old infants. Psychophysiology, 39(1), 73-79.
Lévy, F. (2016). Neuroendocrine control of maternal behavior in non-human and human mammals. In Annales D’endocrinologie (Vol. 77, No. 2, pp. 114-125). Elsevier Masson.
Lonstein, J. S., Lévy, F., & Fleming, A. S. (2015). Common and divergent psychobiological mechanisms underlying maternal behaviors in non-human and human mammals. Hormones and behavior, 73, 156-185.
Numan M, Insel TR. Hormonal and nonhormonal basis of maternal behavior (2003). The neurobiology of parental behavior, 8–41.
Pérez-Hernández, M., García-Hernández, J. P., Hidalgo-Aguirre, R. M., Guevara, M. A., Robles-Aguirre, F. A., & Hernández-González, M. (2024). Electroencephalographic activity during direct breastfeeding and breast milk expression in primiparous mothers. Early Human Development, 189, 105945.
Pérez-Hernández, M., Hernández-González, M., Hidalgo-Aguirre, R. M., Amezcua-Gutiérrez, C., & Guevara, M. A. (2017). Listening to a baby crying induces higher electroencephalographic synchronization among prefrontal, temporal and parietal cortices in adoptive mothers. Infant Behavior and Development, 47, 1-12.
Pérez-Hernández, M., Hernández-González, M., Hidalgo-Aguirre, R. M., Guevara, M. A., Amezcua-Gutierrez, C., & Sandoval-Carrillo, I. K. (2021). Multiparity decreases the effect of distractor stimuli on a working memory task: An EEG study. Social neuroscience, 16(3), 277-288.
Pérez-Hernández, M., Sandoval-Carrillo, I. K., Ferreira-Castro, A., Hernández-González, M., & Amezcua-Gutiérrez, C. (2015). Circuitos cerebrales de la conducta maternal. En M. Hernández-González, A. Sanz-Martin, M.A. Guevara (Eds). Circuitos cerebrales implicados en la cognición y la conducta. Universidad de Guadalajara.
Pérez-Hernández, M.., Hidalgo-Aguirre, R. M., González, M. H., & Pérez, M. A. G. (2020). Respuesta EEG a llanto de bebé de madres biológicas y adoptivas. Pensar la Ciencia desde la frontera: aproximaciones multidisciplinarias, 2, 24-40.
Raimond E, Leloux N, Gabriel R. Lactancia materna. (2022). EMC-Ginecología-Obstetricia, 58(4):1–12.
Rolls, E. T. (2000). The orbitofrontal cortex and reward. Cerebral cortex, 10(3), 284-294.
Sandoval-Carrillo, I.K., Pérez-Hernández, M., Hidalgo-Aguirre, R.M., Cruz-Paniagua, E.I., & Hernández-González, M. (2015). El Apego: un modelo psicobiológico. En A. Sanz-Martin, M.A. Olvera-Cortés, M. Hernández-González, M.A. Guevara (Eds). Neurodesarrollo de la cognición y la conducta (edición electrónica). Universidad de Guadalajara.
Servin-Barthet, C., Martínez-García, M., Pretus, C., Paternina-Die, M., Soler, A., Khymenets, O., ... & Carmona, S. (2023). The transition to motherhood: linking hormones, brain and behaviour. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 24(10), 605-619.
Shin, H., Park, Y. J., Ryu, H., & Seomun, G. A. (2008). Maternal sensitivity: A concept analysis. Journal of advanced nursing, 64(3), 304-314.
Stallings, J., Fleming, A. S., Corter, C., Worthman, C., & Steiner, M. (2001). The effects of infant cries and odors on sympathy, cortisol, and autonomic responses in new mothers and nonpostpartum women. Parenting, 1(1-2), 71-100.
Strathearn, L., Li, J., Fonagy, P., & Montague, P. R. (2008). What’s in a smile? Maternal brain responses to infant facial cues. Pediatrics, 122(1), 40-51.
Whitworth NS. Lactation in humans. (1988). Psychoneuroendocrinology, 13(1–2):171–88.
Wonch, K. E., de Medeiros, C. B., Barrett, J. A., Dudin, A., Cunningham, W. A., Hall, G. B., ... & Fleming, A. S. (2016). Postpartum depression and brain response to infants: Differential amygdala response and connectivity. Social neuroscience, 11(6), 600-617.