Keywords
critical thinking
education
primary
Abstract
The Mexican government, assuming and guaranteeing the right to education of each and every one of its citizens, seeks through study plans and programs that each of the students manages to acquire an education in a comprehensive manner. To this end, it is proposed as a feature of the primary level graduation profile that students develop critical thinking and can solve problems in their environment. That is why the need arises to understand why even though educational policy stipulates the creation of a critical citizen. The tests applied such as Pisa and Mejoredu demonstrate the low results in the evaluation of mental skills typical of critical thinking.
According to the above, the objective of this research revolved around identifying the causes why 2nd grade students are not developing critical thinking. The work was developed from the deductive method, the quantitative paradigm, with an explanatory and cross-sectional study design and scope. A survey was used as data collection techniques, and graphing of results was used for data analysis. The population was made up of a group of teachers from a federal primary school area with the causal method. The findings demonstrated the lack of mastery of the 14 pedagogical principles proposed to teachers in the study plans and programs; As a result, a work proposal emerged that made it possible to solve one of the causes found that generate the lack of this type of thinking at an early age, which lies in training and strengthening teachers who are critical so that their pedagogical practices generate students who they are too.
References
Adolescent health (s.f.). World Health Organization. Consultada el 14 de agosto de 2024 en https://www.who.int/health-topics/adolescent-health#tab=tab_1
Almanza Sepúlveda, M. L, Fleming, A. S. y Jonas, W. (2020). Mothering revisited: A role for cortisol? Hormones and Behavior, 121, 104679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. yhbeh.2020.104679
Almanza-Sepúlveda, M. L. (2022). Madres adolescentes: sensibilidad materna y funciones ejecutivas. Punto Cunorte, 8(14), 17-48. https://doi.org/10.32870/punto.v1i14.132
Bailey, S. (2010). Article in Community practitioner: the journal of the Community Practitioners’ & Health Visitors’ Association. Community Practitioner, 83(12), 9-26. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/49736357
Bartels, A. y Zeki, S. (2004). The neural correlates of maternal and romantic love. NeuroImage, 21(3), 1155-1166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.11.003 Bonnie, R. J. y Backes, E. (Eds.) (2019). Adolescent development. En The Promise of Adolescence: Realizing Opportunity for All Youth (pp. 17-75). The National Aca-
demies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/25388
Calvopiña-Parra, A. del R. (2012). Factores de riesgo psicosociales que influyeron en el embarazo y maternidad adolescente (Tesis de licenciatura en Psicología Clínica) Universidad Central del Ecuador. https://www.dspace.uce.edu.ec/server/api/ core/bitstreams/9f90b43d-7fbf-4df8-8598-fcbf7203501b/content
Caraballo, M., Shimasaki, S., Johnston, K., Tung, G., Albright, K. y Halbower, A. C. (2016). Knowledge, Attitudes, and Risk for Sudden Unexpected Infant Death in Children of Adolescent Mothers: A Qualitative Study. The Journal of Pediatrics, 174, 78-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.03.031
Castellanos-Villegas, A. E., Hernández-García, J. D. y Vázquez-Martínez, E. R. (2023). Papel de las hormonas progesterona, estradiol y oxitocina en la función del miometrio durante el embarazo y el trabajo de parto. Revista Perinatología y
Reproducción Humana, 37(1), 31-38. https://doi.org/10.24875/per.22000013
Chaudhuri, J. H., Easterbrooks, M. A., Davis, C. R., Chaudhuri, J. H., Easterbrooks, M. A., The, C. R. D., Chaudhuri, J. H., Easterbrooks, M. A. y Davis, C. R. (2009). The Relation Between Emotional Availability and Parenting Style : Cultural and Economic Factors in a Diverse Sample of Young Mothers. Parenting: Science and Practice, 9(3-4). https://doi.org/10.1080/15295190902844613
Chico, E., Gonzalez, A., Ali, N., Steiner, M. y Fleming, A. S. (2014). Executive function and mothering: Challenges faced by teenage mothers. Developmental Psychobiology, 56(5), 1027-1035. https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.21185
Contreras, J. M., Mangelsdorf, S. C., Rhodes, J. E., Diener, M. L. y Brunson, L. (1999). Parent-child interaction among Latin adolescent mothers. Journal of Research Adolescence, 9(4), 417-440. https://awspntest.apa.org/doi/10.1207/ s15327795jra0904_3
Díaz, V. y Saavedra, M. (2024). Ciclo sexual femenino. Unidades de apoyo para el aprendizaje. cuaieed-Facultad de Medicina, unam.
Diekema, D. S. (2020). Adolescent Brain Development and Medical Decision-making.
Pediatrics, 146(2020), 18-24. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-0818f
Ellis, C. y Sidebotham, P. (2023). Adolescence as the Context for Understanding Young Mothers’ Engagement with Health Promotion: A Phenomenological Exploration †. Children, 10(5), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10050904
Fondo de las Naciones Unidas. (2011). Adolescence An Age of Opportunity (D. Anthony (ed.)). UNICEF. https://www.unicef.org/media/84876/file/SOWC-2011.pdf
Fisk, J. E. y Sharp, C. A. (2004). Age-Related Impairment in Executive Functioning: Updating, Inhibition, Shifting, and Access. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 26(7), 874-890. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803390490510680
Garner, M. y Steinberg, L. (2005). Peer Influence on Risk Taking, Risk Preference, and Risky Decision Making in Adolescence and Adulthood: An Experimental Study. Developmental Psychology, 41(4), 625-635. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-
41.4.625
Garrido-Hidalgo, M. del C. y Marchán Coronado, M. (2011). Adopción del rol materno en madres adolescentes primerizas según grupo de convivencia. Revista de Psicología, 13(1), 11-28. https://revistas.ucv.edu.pe/index.php/revpsi/article/ view/664
Gimpl, G. y Fahrenhol, F. (2001). El sistema receptor de oxitocina: estructura, función y regulación. Psycological Reviews, 81(2), 629-683. https://doi.org/10.1152/ physrev.2001.81.2.629
Dörr, A., Gorostegui, M. E. y Bascuñán, M. L. (2008). La adultez. En Psicología general y evolutiva (pp. 347-367). Editorial Mediterraneo.
González, E., González, D., Molina, T. y Larrondo, P. (2019). Variables familiares, nivel
socioeconómico y apoyo social asociadas a comportamientos de riesgo en salud en adolescentes chilenos. Cuaderno Médico Sociales, 59(2), 23-35. https://cuadernosms.cl/index.php/cms/article/view/204
González, V., Orcasita, L. T., Carrillo, J. P. y Palma-García, D. M. (2017). Comunicación familiar y toma de decisiones en sexualidad entre ascendientes y adolescentes. Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, Niñez y Juventud, 15(1), 419-430. https://doi.org/10.11600/1692715x.1512605022016
Hoekzema, E., Barba-Müller, E., Pozzobon, C., Picado, M., Lucco, F., García-García, D., Soliva, J. C., Tobeña, A., Desco, M., Crone, E. A., Ballesteros, A., Carmona,
S. y Vilarroya, O. (2017). Pregnancy leads to long-lasting changes in human brain structure. Nature Neuroscience, 20(2), 287-296. https://doi.org/10.1038/ nn.4458
Kim, P., Leckman, J. F., Mayes, L. C., Feldman, R., Wang, X. y Swain, J. E. (2010). The plasticity of human maternal brain: Longitudinal changes in brain anatomy during the early postpartum period. Behavioral Neuroscience, 124(5), 695-700. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020884
Krpan, K. M., Coombs, R., Zinga, D., Steiner, M. y Fleming, A. S. (2005). Experiential and hormonal correlates of maternal behavior in teen and adult mothers. Hormones and Behavior, 47(1), 112-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2004.08.006
Lisofsky, N., Gallinat, J., Lindenberger, U. y Kühn, S. (2019). Postpartal Neural Plasticity of the Maternal Brain: Early Renormalization of Pregnancy-Related Decreases? Neuro-Signals, 27(1), 12-24. https://doi.org/10.33594/000000105
Long, M. S. (2009). Disorganized attachment relationships in infants of adolescent mothers and factors that may augment positive outcomes. Adolescence, 44(175), 621-633. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19950873/
Luciana, M., Conklin, H. M., Hooper, C. J. y Yarger, R. S. (2005). The Development of Nonverbal Working Memory and Executive Control Processes in Adolescents. Child Development, 76(3), 697-712. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.14678624.2005.00872.x
Luders, E., Kurth, F., Gingnell, M., Engman, J., Yong, E. L., Poromaa, I. S. y Gaser, C. (2020). From baby brain to mommy brain: Widespread gray matter gain after giving birth. Cortex, 126, 334-342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2019.12.029
Martínez, E. A., Montero, G. I. y Zambrano, R. M. (2020). El embarazo adolescente como un problema de salud pública en Latinoamérica. Espacios, 41(47), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.48082/espacios-a20v41n47p01
Mora-Guerrero, G. M., Escárate-Colín, L. M., Espinoza-Lerdón, C. A. y Peña-Paredes,
A. B. (2021). Apoyo social percibido, autoestima y maternidad adolescente: entre el respeto y la intrusión. Estudio en Traiguén, Chile. Prospectiva, (32), 151-
https://doi.org/10.25100/prts.v0i32.10785
Morillo, J. B. y Montero, L. (2010). Lactancia materna y relación materno filial en madres adolescentes. Enfermería Global, (19), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.4321/ s1695-61412010000200019
Oatridge, A., Holdcroft, A., Saeed, N., Hajnal, J. V., Puri, B. K., Fusi, L. y Bydder, G.
M. (2002). Change in brain size during and after pregnancy: Study in healthy women and women with preeclampsia. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 23(1), 19-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc7975506/
Oliva-Delgado, A. (2012). Desarrollo cerebral y asunción de riesgos durante la adolescencia. Apuntes de Psicología, 30(3), 477-486. https://www.apuntesdepsicologia.es/index.php/revista/article/view/426
Orchard, E. R., Rutherford, H. J. V., Holmes, A. J. y Jamadar, S. D. (2023). Matrescence: lifetime impact of motherhood on cognition and the brain. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 27(3), 302-316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2022.12.002
Rojas-García, D. C. P., Alarcón Ovalle, M. H. y Calderón, B. P. (2010). Vivencia del Embarazo en Adolescentes en una institución de protección en Colombia. Index de Enfermería, 19(2-3), 129-133. https://doi.org/10.4321/S1132-
Ruiz-Lázaro, P. (2013). Psicología del adolescente y su entorno. Formación Continua, 50/2, 2-7.
Sánchez Hidalgo, J. y Hidalgo García, M. V. (2002). Madres adultas y madres adolescentes. Un análisis comparativo de las interacciones que mantienen con sus bebés. Apuntes de Psicología, 20(2), 243-258. https://www.apuntesdepsicologia. es/index.php/revista/article/view/1372
Sandoval-Mora, S. A. (Coomp.) (2018). Psicología del Desarrollo Humano II. Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa.
Smith, J. A. (1999). Identity development during the transition to motherhood: An interpretative phenomenological analysis. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 17(3), 281-299. https://doi.org/10.1080/02646839908404595
Steinberg, L. (2010). A Dual Systems Model of Adolescent Risk-Taking. Developmental Psychobiology, 52(3), 216-224. https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.20445
Swain, J. E., Kim, P., Spicer, J., Ho, S. S., Dayton, C. J., Elmadih, A. y Abel, K. M. (2014). Approaching the biology of human parental attachment: Brain imaging, oxytocin and coordinated assessments of mothers and fathers. Brain Research, 1580, 78-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2014.03.007
Szigethy, E. y Ruiz, P. (2001). Depression among pregnant adolescents: an integrated treatment approach. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 158(1), 22-27. https:// doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.158.1.22
Traverso Koroleff, P. (2007). Dos madres adolescentes, dos vínculos: ¿qué marca la diferencia? Revista de Psicología, 25(1), 59-80. https://doi.org/10.18800/psico.200701.003
Uriarte Arciniega, J. de D. (2005). En la trancisión a la edad adulta. Los adultos emergentes. International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology, 3(1), 145-160. http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=349832310013
Uvnas, K. (2009). El papel de la oxitocina en el cerebro y el sistema nervioso. En Oxitocina: la hormonal de la calma, el amor y la sanación (pp. 41-43). Obelisco.
Venegas, B. C., Pabón, M. y Plata, R. C. (2014). Condiciones psicosociales que contribuyen a la maternidad y la paternidad en la adolescencia. Revista Colombiana de Enfermería, 9, 108-117. https://doi.org/10.18270/rce.v9i9.570
Zanettini, A., Urio, Â., Barros de Souza, J. y Savi Geremia, D. (2020). As Vivências da Maternidade e a Concepção da Interação Mãe-Bebê: Interfaces Entre as Mães Primíparas Adultas e Adolescentes. Revista de Pesquisa Cuidado é Fundamental Online, 11(3), 655-663. https://doi.org/10.9789/2175-5361.2019.v11i3.655-
Zolotor, A. J., Burchinal, M., Skinner, D. y Rosenthal, M. (2008). Maternal psychological adjustment and knowledge of infant development as predictors of home safety practices in rural low-income communities. Pediatrics, 121(6), e1668-e1675. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-1255